complementary or alternative medicine

Acupuncture is a form of ancient Chinese medicine in which fine needles are inserted into the skin at certain points on the body.It is a complementary or alternative medicine (CAM). This means that acupuncture is different in important ways from treatments that are part of conventional western medicine. Unlike conventional treatments, the use of acupuncture is not always based on scientific evidence.
Theory

Acupuncture is based on the belief that an energy, or 'life force', flows through the body in channels called meridians. This life force is known as Qi (pronounced 'chee').
Practitioners who adhere to traditional beliefs about acupuncture believe that when Qi cannot flow freely through the body, this can cause illness. They also believe that acupuncture can restore the flow of Qi, and so restore health.
Some scientists and acupuncturists believe that acupuncture may stimulate nerves and muscle tissue, and that this may be responsible for any beneficial effects.
Uses

Practitioners – called acupuncturists – use acupuncture to treat a wide range of health conditions. It is often used to treat pain conditions such as headache, lower back pain and dental pain, but is also commonly used against conditions ranging from infertility to anxiety and asthma. To learn more, see common uses of acupuncture.
The availability of acupuncture on the NHS is limited (see box, left). Most acupuncture patients pay for private treatment.
Does it work?

Currently, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends acupuncture as a treatment option only for lower back pain. NICE makes this recommendation on the basis of scientific evidence. Read the NICE 2009 guidelines on low back pain (PDF, 980kb).
There is some evidence that acupuncture works for a small number of other conditions, including migraine and post-operative nausea. However, there is little or no scientific evidence that acupuncture works for many of the conditions for which it is often used. More scientific research is needed to establish whether acupuncture is effective against these and other conditions.
There is no scientific evidence for the existence of Qi or meridians. More research is needed before acupuncture’s method of action is fully understood.

Chronic Fatigue is psychological or merely

Chronic fatigue is one of the most common complaints heard in the clinic. Many different illnesses and prescription drugs are capable of causing fatigue, and it is important that a medical history be taken to determine which of these, if any, may be causing the problem.

Unfortunately, many people who suffer from chronic fatigue have submitted themselves to the usual tests and have obtained no clear diagnosis. It is then frustrating for them to hear that their problem, which is often debilitating, is "psychological" or merely "psychosomatic." Of course, in some cases, the etiology is psychological. But even though fatigue is an important somatic symptom of depression, conversely, it is natural for a psychologically healthy person who feels extremely fatigued to become depressed about being in such a condition.

In such cases where there is no clear organic, psychological or pharmaceutical cause, chronic fatigue is commonly related to immune deficiency and is clinically associated with a lingering viral infection, most notably the Epstein-Barr virus. Besides exhaustion, other symptoms of Chronic Epstein Barr Virus (CEBV) infection occur. The most notable are a lack of ability to concentrate or recall simple things (called "brain fog" by some), recurrent sore throats, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, muscle pain or weakness, and intermittent depression. In this case, though, the depression is not necessarily a cause of fatigue, but rather an effect of the infection.

The Epstein Barr virus also causes mononucleosis, the so-called "kissing disease." Most people have been exposed to the virus, evidenced by the fact that about 80% of the population has antibodies against it. The symptoms of mononucleosis resemble those of chronic fatigue, but the disease runs its course in 4 to 6 weeks, whereas in the case of chronic fatigue, the immune system is too weak to fight off the virus, which remains in the body creating problems.

There are many reasons why some people have weak immune systems. Frequent use of antibiotics and birth control pills, improper diet and exercise, stress, and an overly competitive attitude have been blamed by some. The important thing is acupuncture and herbs can strengthen a weakened immune system.

At the core of the disease is a pattern in Chinese medicine that is called "deficiency of qi." "Qi" is the vital energy of the body and mind. Herbs and acupuncture points that strengthen the qi are employed, along with other points and herbs to customize the treatment. Most of the herbs are taken from a category of botanical remedies called "adaptogens." The term adaptogen was coined by Soviet scientists who studied the physiological effects of tonic herbs that have been used by the Chinese for centuries to enhance resistance to disease, improve physiological and mental functioning, and increase longevity. Research has proved that these herbs have a non-specific strengthening effect on the immune system, as well as other systems of the body, such as the cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory systems.

Another class of herbs is used as well. Traditionally found in the clear heat, clean toxin category, these herbs have an anti-viral effect, though the exact mechanism of their action is not completely understood. Traditionally, they have been used for inflammatory conditions such as sore throat, swollen lymph glands and fevers.

In Oriental medicine, it is important to treat the person rather than the disease. Often, other patterns are involved in CEBV, so acupuncture and herbal treatments must be adjusted accordingly. Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture have a long tradition of use in the treatment and prevention of immune-related disorders. They have been shown to be effective in the treatment of CEBV as well, and a patient will usually experience results in 3 to 6 months

Chinese Herbal and Medicine

Chinese herbs in their raw form. It is more common to find them in tablet form in the modern acupuncture clinic.

Why use Chinese herbs?
Chinese Herbal Medicine is a gentle and effective alternative to Western drugs—one relatively free of side effects. Chinese medicine is holistic, which means that herbal formulas are designed to treat the whole person, both mind and body. Hence, the patient will often notice improvement in overall health along with amelioration of specific symptoms or complaints.

In combination with acupuncture, Chinese herbal prescriptions play an important and effective role in the treatment of many conditions. The Chinese herbal tradition has evolved over thousands of years of clinical experience, during which time it has been constantly tested and refined. Through the ages, many classical formulas have been developed to treat specific disorders. This process of evolution continues even today, as new herbal formulas are developed to treat diseases which predominate in modern industrialized countries.

What are the substances used in herbal formulas?
Chinese medical texts contain references to many diverse items, including animal products and minerals, but most of the commonly used herbs come from plants.

Why are combinations of herbs superior to individual herbs?
Combinations of herbs are considered to be more effective than individual herbs because they have a more balancing effect on the body. A single herb might address only one aspect of a person's imbalance, but a formula can be tailored to address the full range of the imbalance on a constitutional level. A formula commonly contains from 4 to 16 ingredients chosen for their synergistic effect. A classical formula is usually used as a base, and herbs are added or subtracted to prepare a custom-made combination that addresses a patient's unique physiological imbalance.

At this time, herbal combinations are available in four different forms:

Loose herbs, which are used to brew teas
Pills
Tinctures, which are alcohol-based
Powders
Your acupuncturist will determine which form is suitable in each individual case.

Tonic Herbs: the Treasure of Chinese Medicine
Many Chinese herbal formulas contain special tonic herbs that can be taken daily to increase resistance to disease, enhance energy and prolong life. Ginseng and astragalus are perhaps the most widely known in this group. Others less commonly known include ligustrum, schizandra, he shou wu and ganoderma. These herbs are called "adaptogens" because they strengthen the body, enhancing its ability to adapt to stress. They have a particularly positive effect on the immune system and are being used successfully in the treatment of immune-related disorders such as chronic fatigue syndrome (Epstein-Barr) and systemic candida, as well as in the management of ARC and AIDS.

Why is it important to obtain a proper diagnosis before taking Chinese herbs?
Many people take Chinese herbs, particularly the tonic ones, without properly understanding whether they are suitable for their condition or constitution. Most herbs have a gentle effect on the body, but their indiscriminate use over a long period of time, or even a short period in certain cases, may cause side effects. Such side effects rarely occur if the proper diagnosis has been obtained. It is also common for the diagnosis to change as the physiology moves toward a state of greater balance. The herbal prescription is then adjusted accordingly.

Your acupuncturist is highly trained in the art of diagnosis and herbal prescription and will recommend a formula that is appropriate for your constitution and disorder.

Backache Acupuncture

Among afflictions that plague modern man, backaches rank third, following heart disease and cancer. Statistics indicate that 50% of people forced to abandon work do so because of problems involving the back. Such problems are often very painful. Acupuncture is a very effective method for treating back pain.

What is Acupuncture?
Acupuncture is a complete and natural system of medicine based on principles that have been used in the Orient for the last four thousand years. It works with the natural energies inherent within all living things. When this energy is balanced through acupuncture therapy, the body's vitality is restored and the body begins to heal itself.

How does Acupuncture Help Back Pain?
In four ways. First, it stimulates the production of endorphins, the body's natural pain killers. Second, it blocks the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Third, it increases circulation in the problem area and promotes tissue regeneration. Fourth, it effectively deactivates trigger points, which are overly sensitive spots beneath the skin that sometimes "trigger" pain or other symptoms into a "reference" zone, an area in a different part of the body, either close or far away. Trigger points are often involved in cases of chronic low back pain.

Why Should I Choose Acupuncture as a Form of Treatment?
For one thing, there are no side effects. Conventional methods of treating back pain involve surgery or pain-relieving medication, which often cause unwanted side effects. Acupuncture relieves pain in a natural way without side effects, and it is very cost-effective. For another thing, acupuncture does not just treat the symptoms of backache. It is a holistic system of medicine, which means it treats the whole person. Some degenerative changes that occur in the back are the result of imbalances involving the whole body. By balancing the energy of the body, systemic changes often occur, and the patient will notice an overall improvement in health.

How Many Treatments Are Necessary?
Each person is unique. Some people will respond to acupuncture more quickly than others. It is not uncommon for patients to experience significant relief after one or two treatments. Six to ten treatments within a three to five week period is a normal course of treatment, and then the case is re-evaluated. Sometimes periodic maintenance treatments are recommended.

Are Other Methods of Treatment Used along with Acupuncture?
At the Natural Medicine Clinic, we combine herbal medicine and therapeutic massage to get the best possible results. Herbal medicine strengthens the body and enhances the functioning of the immune system. Massage increases circulation in affected areas and helps to deactivate painful trigger points. We also give nutritional guidance when appropriate. The old adage "you are what you eat" has proved itself to be true time and time again.

Can Other Conditions Be Treated by Acupuncture?
Absolutely! The World Health Organization lists over forty diseases that respond to acupuncture therapy, including hypertension, digestive disorders, tinnitus, chronic fatigue, pre-menstrual syndrome, stress disorders and depression.

Allergic Rhinitis and Acupuncture and Asthma

We all recognize the symptoms of asthma—wheezing, phlegmy rattling—because we all know someone who suffers from it. It occurs as recurrent attacks ranging from mild to life-threatening, and unfortunately, certain forms of it get worse during the seasons many of us enjoy most—spring and summer. Fortunately, relief can be obtained with acupuncture and Chinese herbs.

There are typically two types of asthma—extrinsic and intrinsic—and both will respond to acupuncture. Intrinsic asthma is caused by factors such as chemicals, cold air, exercise, infection and emotional upset. Extrinsic asthma is allergy-related and is triggered by pollens, dust, molds and animal dander.

During an asthma attack, the walls in the bronchioles of the lungs become swollen, or edematous. The smooth muscles of the walls constrict, narrowing breathing passages, and the bronchioles secrete excess mucus, creating obstructive plugs. During an allergy-related asthma attack, there is an increase of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals in the blood. In intrinsic asthma, there appears to be a hyper excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The result in both cases is swelling or edema of the mucosal walls of the bronchioles, increased bronchial smooth muscle contraction, and hyper secretion of bronchial mucus with obstructive mucus plugs.

Studies in China involving acupuncture have shown that needling the acupuncture point St 36 (Zusanli)

on a healthy subject increased ventilation capacity by 6.6%. The maximal breathing capacity increased 20%, with a 22% increase in the volume of expiration. Acupuncture appears to act on the nervous system by relieving excitation of the parasympathetic nerves while raising the level of excitation of sympathetic nerves. This causes the bronchioles to expand and mucus membranes to contract, leading to improved breathing. Acupuncture also appears to reduce the level of inflammatory chemicals in the blood, thereby reducing allergic responses.

The effects of acupuncture are cumulative. After a series of treatments, one often notices a reduction in the frequency and severity of attacks. Acupuncture has the effect of strengthening a person's constitution and overall health so that their allergic response is reduced.

Chinese herbal formulas serve as a useful adjunct to acupuncture in relieving asthma. In fact, when I received advanced herbal training in China, half of the patients I saw were suffering from asthma or bronchitis. Many asthma formulas contain herba ephedra (Ma Huang), which has the effect of expanding constricted bronchioles. Other herbs are used to reduce phlegm production, combat infection, moisten the lungs and astringe coughing. There are many different types of asthma in Chinese medicine, and different herbal formulas are appropriate. It is best to consult a trained practitioner before selecting a formula.

Allergic Rhinitis & Acupuncture

"Hegu" (L.I.4),. The most important distal point for clearing the lower sinuses

Interestingly, the point on the right hand treats the left lower sinus and vice versa. Ask your acupuncturist why this is the case.Spring and summer are wonderful seasons to many. In spring, nature stirs after the sleep of winter, and people awaken to the joy of being alive. Summer brings this process to fruition, for those who don't mind the heat. But to those who suffer from hay fever, spring and summer can be the worst seasons of the year, especially here in Sacramento, which is known as the allergy capital of California.

Hay fever is recognized by the annoying symptoms of watery nasal discharge, sneezing, and itchy eyes and nose. Hay fever is actually a popular name for allergic rhinitis, a disease provoked by airborne pollens and other substances. Everybody recognizes the symptoms of allergic rhinitis because we all know someone who suffers from it. It is estimated that 15 to 20% of Americans have recurrent or chronic nasal problems, and these are often caused by allergies, though there are other etiologies as well.

Allergic rhinitis is usually a seasonal phenomenon. People who are allergic to tree pollens will develop symptoms in mid-March or early April. If they are allergic to grasses, the symptoms will appear in mid-May or June. Ragweed and other summer weeds provoke symptoms in late August. And then there are those who have multiple allergies and are miserable for several months every year. If a person suffers from allergic rhinitis year-round, the problem is being caused by dust, molds, animal dander, or some kind of chemical.

In Western medicine, allergic rhinitis is caused by a release of histamine from mast cells in the nasal mucosa. This release is mediated by IgE and other substances. The reaction occurs in response to inhalation of an antigen, the substance one is allergic to. It is generally treated with antihistamines, decongestants, intranasal topical corticosteroids, or cromolyn sodium. With the exception of cromolyn sodium, none of these drugs are without side-effects. Most antihistamines cause unwanted drowsiness, and those that don't are very expensive. Nasal decongestants can actually result in a worsening of symptoms due to reflex vasodilation, and they are, in a sense, addicting because they must be used more and more frequently to achieve the original effect. Use of topical corticosteroids is relatively safe, but excessive dosages may lead to adrenal suppression. Colonization of the nose by candida and nose bleeding have also been reported, though not frequently. Another form of therapy involves reducing sensitivity to allergens by injecting incremental doses of them over a period of time in order to build up antibodies, but the response to this mode of therapy is not dramatic, and medication must usually be taken as well.

Acupuncture offers a natural and effective treatment of allergic rhinitis, one which is free of unwanted side-effects. Oriental medicine sees the body, and indeed the whole universe, as an energy system, a concept not at all foreign to modern physics. Material objects, including the biochemicals responsible for physiological processes, are manifestations of energy. This energy is called qi in the Chinese language. According to the Oriental diagnostic system, chronic allergic rhinitis often results from an underlying deficiency of the qi, or life-energy, of the Lung and can be treated in part by stimulating points on the lung meridian, most of which are found near the wrist. The symptoms of hay fever involve the nose, but in Chinese medicine, the nose is regarded as an extension of the lung, which in fact it is. When the lung functions normally, respiration is normal, the nose is unobstructed, and the sense of smell is acute. Points on other meridians are used as well. The most commonly used point, Large Intestine 4 (He Gu), is found on the web between the thumb and index finger. Other points are located over the sinuses and have the effect of reducing nasal secretion. When the energy of the lung is strengthened, the sensitivity to airborne allergens decreases, and the patient can experience substantial relief. Since acupuncture is a holistic system of medicine, the whole person is treated, both mind and body. Patients with a lung qi deficiency often have systemic symptoms that include general lassitude and fatigue, lack of spirit and apathy, spontaneous sweating, and a propensity for catching cold. Often, other organ systems and meridians are involved as well. By supplementing the qi where it is deficient, draining it where it is excess, and balancing its flow and distribution, overall improvements in health can result.

Laboratory studies corroborate the traditional Chinese account of how allergic responses can be reduced or eliminated. They have shown that after acupuncture, the IgE level decreases, resulting in a decrease in histamine production. Acupuncture also seems to desensitize the nerves that would normally react adversely to the IgE-antigen complex.

Herbal medicine is a very useful adjunct to acupuncture treatment because there are a number of Chinese herbs which reduce the inflammatory response as well as sinus congestion. In Oriental medicine, herbs are rarely given singly, but are combined with other herbs in formulas that have a balancing effect on the body. Each individual is different, and formulas are adjusted accordingly.

Acupuncture treats other conditions as well. The World Health Organization lists over 40 disorders that respond favorably to acupuncture. [View the World Health Organization Acupuncture chart]. Among these are chronic pain, injuries, back and neck pain, chronic fatigue, headaches, depression (mild), stress disorders, hypertension, insomnia, digestive disorders, PMS and other women's problems, constipation, the common cold, and addictions.

Addictions the craving for drugs

Auricular points have a powerful effect at reducing the craving for drugs.

Today, there appears to be new hope for those who suffer from addictions to substances harmful to their health. Acupuncture is rapidly increasing in popularity as an effective aid in the control of many addictions—from serious ones involving alcohol and hard drugs to relatively less serious ones involving nicotine and overeating.

Excellent clinical evidence supports the use of acupuncture for addiction control. The first acupuncture detoxification clinic in the United States opened in 1974, at the Lincoln Memorial Hospital in the South Bronx section of New York City. At first, acupuncture was used as an adjunct to methadone treatment, but such good results were obtained with acupuncture that methadone was dropped from the program. According to Dr. Michael Smith, director, the success rate with acupuncture is substantially higher than that of more conventional programs. Unlike methadone, which is itself a highly addictive drug that is used primarily as a heroin substitute for heroin addicts, acupuncture is a natural procedure with no side effects, and it can treat a wide range of addictions. It works equally well for cocaine and crack addicts, heroin addicts, alcoholics, users of psychedelics, and people addicted to barbiturates and amphetamines. Addicts report a marked reduction in craving for drugs, a relief from symptoms of withdrawal, and feelings of relaxation along with improved sleep. The success of this program has inspired the opening of public-funded acupuncture detoxification programs in San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Chicago, Portland, Miami and other locations.

There is strong physiological evidence supporting the use of acupuncture in this area. Research has shown that acupuncture can raise the level of endorphins in the nervous system. Resembling opiates in structure and function, endorphins are the body's natural pain killers. Their level is also increased by endurance exercises, and they are responsible for the phenomenon called "runner's high", a feeling of euphoria experienced by long-distance runners who have crossed the five-mile line. It seems that the cravings and withdrawal symptoms experienced by people giving up smoking or drugs can be alleviated by raising the level of endorphins in the nervous system. Some researchers also believe that the desire to eat is also mediated by the endorphin level in the brain, which would explain why acupuncture helps dieters to control their appetites.

Chinese Medicine has its own explanation of how acupuncture works. Chinese medical theory is based on the concept of yin and yang, which are dynamic and complementary opposites observed in all the processes of nature. In a healthy individual, yin and yang are in relative balance. Addicts often suffer from a deficiency of yin. Chinese medical theory, which comprehends the body metaphorically, relates yin to substance, quiescence, and the element of water. Yang relates to function, activity, and the element of fire. Yin nourishes, and yang consumes. When yin, or the water element, is deficient, fire is not held in check and rages out of control. Since it is the product of a deficit, it is called empty fire because it has no substance to fuel it. On a psychological level, such an imbalance creates feelings of emptiness and desperation. Physiologically, it manifests as frenetic hyperactivity. The addict is driven to use and abuse, but the drug exacerbates the fire and further depletes the yin; hence, the feeling of power he or she gains is exaggerated and merely temporary, leading to even more desperation.

The treatment involves nourishing the yin by treating points on the outside of the ear. Short, thin, sterile needles are inserted at three to five points. Patients sit or lie comfortably for about forty-five minutes. The treatments often have a profoundly calming effect on the mind and body, creating feelings of peace and well-being. Three of the five acupuncture points strengthen the liver, kidneys and lungs, which are the major organs of elimination. They have often grown weak in addicts because they have been subjected to the daily burden of eliminating an excess of toxins from the body.

People addicted to hard drugs are advised to receive daily treatment until they are clean. They then receive treatments a couple of times a week for a while to help them to remain so. Alcoholics also require daily treatments during the initial period of treatment. To insure long-term abstinence, both groups are encouraged to seek counseling and participate in a support group. Interestingly, alcoholics receiving acupuncture during the withdrawal period rarely experience seizures.

Smokers are in a different category because nicotine is a much milder drug. It does not produce the dramatic effects of hard drugs, though it is probably just as addicting in a more insidious way. Smokers do not generally need daily treatments and can usually kick the habit in a shorter period of time. After one or two treatments, the craving for nicotine is usually sharply reduced. After four or five treatments spread over a two-week period, seven out of ten patients will have managed to quit. Others will have drastically cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked daily. The same five points on the ear are used. Smokers need not come in daily, so after each treatment, small pellets or press tacks are taped over these points, and the patient is sent home with instructions to press on them frequently. This pressure creates a mini-stimulus which helps to keep the endorphin level high.

Acupuncture is very effective in controlling addictions, and the drug problem in this country is a serious one. Let us all hope that more acupuncture detoxification centers will be established in the future. Public funding is needed.

Acupuncture is effective for many other conditions as well. Acupuncture has a 3000-year old history and has only recently been found to be useful for addictions. The World Health Organization lists over 40 disorders that respond favorably to acupuncture. Among these are chronic pain, injuries, back and neck pain, chronic fatigue, headaches, depression (mild), stress disorders, hypertension, insomnia, digestive disorders, pre-menstrual syndrome and other women's problems, constipation, allergies and the common cold.

Acupuncture Microsystems and Reflections on the Holographic Body

Fractality and micro systems used in Acupuncture

You have probably heard of fractals—geometric forms that defy our usual definition of shape and size—as a fractal shape possesses infinite detail which repeats itself at every size or scale of magnitude. The human body possesses fractality in its physical structure, movement, stages of development, and in the system of points used in acupuncture.

In mathematics and information science, the property of fractality inherent in living forms is referred to as "self-similarity". Just as the twigs of a tree are similar to the tree's branches, microsystems of acupuncture points mirror the whole system of acupoints found in the body.

In a microsystem, the whole body is reflected in just one of its organs, such as the ear or the hand. Conditions of the body, wherever they might be, from head to toe, can be treated by using points in one microsystem.

Nature likes to re-use its finest designs over and over, something called "redundancy" in information science. In terms of acupuncture, redundancy shows the resiliency of the system of acupuncture meridians, and it demonstrates that there are many ways to access the body's "qi channels".

There are several known microsystems used in acupuncture. Let's look at some of them:

Auricular Acupuncture

Using the microsystem of auricular acupuncture, you can treat the whole body merely by treating points on the external ear, or auricle. In other words, the whole body is projected onto the auricle. Another way of putting it is that the ear "mirrors" the whole body, or reflects an image of it.

In some acupuncture textbooks, there is an illustration of an inverted near-term fetus projected onto the auricle. While comparing this illustration to a map of auricular acupoints, it immediately becomes clear that the classic Chinese acupuncture points on the ear are in a similar position to the various anatomical areas of the fetus. The head acupuncture points, for example, are located on the ear lobe. All the major organs of the fetus are located in the "well" or concha of the ear, and the lower limbs of the fetus are positioned at the top of the ear, as are the acupuncture points for the knees, toes, etc.

auricular acupuncture system anatomical fetus
Korean Hand Acupuncture
The ear is not the only acupuncture microsystem. In the 20th century, a Korean acupuncturist named Tae Woo Yoo discovered that the hand is also a microsystem. It is interesting to see on hand acupuncture charts that the twelve acupuncture meridians of the body are mapped out on the hand as well, in miniature form. As with the ear, by treating the hand alone, the whole body can be treated.

Foot Reflexology
Another microsystem commonly used in acupressure, rather than acupuncture, is the foot. We see in charts of foot reflexology that the whole body is projected onto the foot, and practitioners of foot reflexology treat a client by massaging primarily the feet, and secondarily the hands and ears. The foot is not a popular microsystem for use in acupuncture because it hurts to needle points on the sole of the foot, unlike points on the hands and ears.


Other Microsystems
Points on the scalp are also commonly used to treat the whole body. Scalp acupuncture is very effective for stroke victims.


There are other microsystems (besides the ones mentioned in this article) which are less commonly used. In one prominent acupuncture text, one can find a picture of the face with points around the nose that treat other parts of the body. There is even mention of a study done in China where the second metacarpal bone of the hand was palpated along its length for tender points. When these points were needled, pain in other parts of the body was relieved.

The microsystems mentioned so far in this article can be used for both diagnosis and treatment. However, there are three other microsystems that are used only for diagnosis.

1) The tongue:

Tongue diagnosis system
2) The pulse of the radial artery:


3) The abdomen, called the "hara" in Japanese. (Note: In shiatsu massage, the hara is treated directly while in acupuncture it is primarily a diagnostic area.)


Outside the arena of Chinese medicine is a system called iridology, in which the iris of the eye is a diagnostic microsystem:


Probably, there are other microsystems waiting to be discovered.

The Holographic Body and Western Medicine
Although Western science observes fractals in the human body, such as the branches of the pulmonary system in the lungs, or morphological change inside diseased cells and tissues, there is very little application of the concept in Western medical practice. The Chinese systematical view of the whole body has no parallel in Western medicine.

In order to apply the idea of microsystems to the whole body, one has to go beyond the conventional view of the body as described in the study of anatomy and physiology, and examine a different view or paradigm—that of the holographic body.

Chinese Medicine
Chinese medicine sees the body as a hologram. A hologram is a photographic record that contains information to reproduce a three-dimensional image when a laser is shined through it. A conventional photograph contains much less information because it captures images in only two dimensions. If we tear a conventional photo in half, then we lose half of the information. If we tear one of these halves in half again, we have only one-quarter of a picture.

A hologram is much different. If we break in half the photographic plate an image is stored on and then shine a laser through it, we still get a three-dimensional projection of the complete image. We can then repeat this process (remember the notion of "redundancy"?) and we still get the complete image. No matter how many times the plate is broken, or how many pieces or fractions (or fractals) it ends being, the whole image is preserved because all the information needed to reproduce it in its entirety is stored in each and every part of a hologram.

Chinese medicine recognizes that the human body functions like a hologram because every microsystem found in different parts of the body contains the information needed to treat the whole body. In fact, studies like the one involving the second metacarpal suggest that this information is stored in each and every part of the body.

A Healthy Balance

The ideal of Balance permeates Oriental medicine and culture, from the Chinese yinyang symbol to the Japanese Zen enso (circle) expressing the timeless nature of the spirit.

Have you ever watched with rapt attention a world-class ballet dancer in action? Or a champion figure skater? Or a first-rate martial artist? The physical and mental equilibrium displayed, the grace and fluidity of motion, create a poetry in space which gives us a true appreciation of the idea of balance. In the visual arts, we judge the beauty of a painting or sculpture by its balance, or the harmonious relationship of its parts. We make the same judgment when reading a poem or listening to a great work of music. And even in the field of law, justice is symbolized by a blindfolded woman holding a balanced scale in her hand, one in which both sides are of equal weight.

The idea of balance also teaches us much about health and disease. In common speech, when we are feeling out of sorts, we often say we are "out of balance." A mentally ill person is considered "mentally imbalanced." And in Western physiology, a healthy organism is one in "homeostasis," a word derived from the Greek which means, essentially, a state of balance achieved between an organism and the environment.

In Oriental medicine, the concept of balance is fundamental to an understanding of health and disease. This is particularly the case with acupuncture, which concerns itself primarily with restoring or preserving health by correcting imbalances in the energy field of the body. In order to understand how this is done, we need to look at the body as the Chinese do. The ancient Chinese felt that everything in the universe was a form of energy, an idea that we find in modern physics. The Chinese word for this energy is chi (also spelled 'qi'). According to Chinese medical theory, the entire body is a manifestation of chi, and the major currents of chi flow in pathways called meridians. Along these meridians lie points where the chi can be easily influenced. If the chi is out of balance, disease will result. When the chi is in balance, the person will enjoy abundant health. The acupuncturist uses subtle diagnostic techniques to detect disturbances of the chi. Fine needles are then inserted at specific points on the body to re-establish the correct balance of energy. When this is done, the body is empowered to heal itself.

The idea of chi, or energy, is not peculiar to Chinese culture. The ancient Greeks called it pneuma, which has been translated as 'breath of life'. The Sanskrit word is prana, the Tibetan lung. The African Bush people called it num. Different systems of medicine that concern themselves with energy have evolved through the ages, each with its own understanding of how physical and mental balance is to be restored. Among the more well-known modalities are Ayurveda (the Indian medical system), homeopathy, and chiropractic. In Chinese medicine, energy is understood in terms of yin and yang. Yin and yang are complementary opposites representing a dynamic balance of polar forces in nature. The ancient Chinese, who were astute observers of nature, noticed that natural processes were cyclical--summer changed into fall, which transformed into winter, which became spring, which became summer again. Day alternated with night, activity with repose. In other words, yin alternates with yang. The Chinese character for yang originally meant the sunny side of a mountain. Hence, yang was associated with heat, fire, expansion, energy, activity. The character for yin meant the shady side of a mountain, so yin was associated with rest, coldness, water, contraction, matter and inactivity. The interplay of yin and yang were also observed in the human body. For example, since yang is associated with fire and activity, a person with an excess of yang energy tends to generate a lot of heat and might show signs of mental and physical hyperactivity. A person with a deficiency of yang would be cold and might be mentally and physically sluggish. Yin is associated with water and inactivity, and a person with a yin excess might show evidence of an accumulation of bodily fluids, such as phlegm in the lungs, or edema. He or she might also tend to be sluggish. A person with a yin deficiency might have symptoms associated with dryness, such as dry skin and eyes.

Simply stated, acupuncture helps to promote or preserve health by restoring the balance of yin and yang in the mind and body through a manipulation of chi. A mental and physical equilibrium is then established which enhances a person's sense of well-being, and helps to fight disease. The beauty of such a system of medicine lies in the fact that physical and mental imbalances can be detected and treated before they become clinically-observable diseases. In ancient China, acupuncture was used as a form of preventative medicine. In the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic, the oldest extant acupuncture text, we read that the physician was paid while his patient was healthy. When the patient became sick, the doctor lost his salary. Acupuncture also treats dis-ease once it has become manifest, and in fact, the World Health Organization lists over 40 types of disease acupuncture can help. But why wait till we are sick? It makes sense to create in ourselves a salutary balance, a mental and physical equilibrium that gives to our lives the grace and beauty of a work of art.

Acupuncture and Arthritis

Can Acupuncture Alleviate Arthritic Pain?

Osteoarthritis of the knee responds very favorably to acupuncture. Here are two common points often used to treat this condition.
Yes, in many cases. Pain is the primary complaint of arthritis sufferers, and acupuncture is a very effective form of pain control. It relieves pain in three ways. First, it causes the body to produce chemicals called endorphins, which inhibit the perception of pain. Endorphins are similar to morphine, which is given in Western medicine. The big difference is that endorphins are produced naturally by the patient's own body. Hence, there are no side effects. Second, acupuncture works through the nervous system by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Third, it deactivates trigger points. Trigger points are tender and extremely reactive areas that develop in the muscles and fascial sheaths of the body. They are often responsible for chronic pain and are frequently found around arthritic joints. Acupuncture also has a very relaxing effect on the mind and body. Since much illness is the result of stress, this relaxation helps to promote the healing process.

Acupuncture treatment for knee pain
Two points helpful in treating arthritis of the wrist.

Can Acupuncture Help Other Symptoms of Arthritis?
Acupuncture is most successful at relieving pain, but it can also have a positive effect on other symptoms that appear in the three primary forms of arthritis.

The first form, rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by inflammation (swelling, heat, redness and pain) in and around joints. The degree of inflammation fluctuates, possibly following changes in the stress levels of the body. Acupuncture stimulates the adrenals to produce natural steroids, which have an anti-inflammatory effect. Since they are produced by the body, they do not cause side effects. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission, but pain often persists once the inflammation has subsided. Acupuncture is very effective at relieving this pain by inactivating trigger points around the joints.

The second and most common form is osteoarthritis. It involves the gradual wearing away of cartilage in joints along with the deposition of calcium, which limits mobility of the joint. Acupuncture stimulates the parathyroid glands to produce the hormone that draws calcium out of bones, only in this case, the hormone works on the arthritic deposits. Research in China has shown that bony spurs on the vertebrae of the neck have disappeared after several courses of acupuncture treatment. More research needs to be done. When the joint reaches a certain level of deterioration, acupuncture will not restore it to a normal state. It is, however, extremely effective at controlling the pain that often accompanies this deterioration.

The third form is gouty arthritis, which is characterized by deposits of oxalic acid that make movement of the joint extremely painful. Here, pain relief is the main action of acupuncture. Gouty arthritis tends to come and go with changes in stress levels and diet.

How Many Treatments Are Necessary?
Each person is unique. Some people will respond to acupuncture more quickly than others. Most patients should experience some symptomatic relief after one or two treatments. Six to ten treatments within a three to five week period is a normal course of treatment, and then the case is re-evaluated. For cases in which joint mobility is restricted or inflammation reoccurs, periodic maintenance treatments are often recommended. Their frequency depends upon the individuals response to acupuncture.

Are Other Methods of Treatment Used along with Acupuncture?
At the Acupuncture & Herbal Medicine Clinic, we combine herbal medicine and therapeutic massage to get the best possible results. Herbal medicine strengthens the body and enhances the functioning of the immune system. Massage increases circulation in affected areas and helps to deactivate painful trigger points. We also give nutritional guidance when appropriate. The old adage "you are what you eat" has proved itself to be true time and time again.

Can Other Conditions Be Treated by Acupuncture?
Absolutely! The World Health Organization lists over forty diseases that respond to acupuncture, including hypertension, digestive disorders, tinnitus, chronic fatigue, pre menstrual syndrome, stress disorders and depression.

Type of Acupuncture List

• akkupanjarA Healthy Balance
• Acupuncture
• Arthritis
• Acupuncture Microsystems
• Reflections on the Holographic Body
• Addictions
• Allergic Rhinitis
• Acupuncture
• Asthma
• Backache
• Chinese Herbal Medicine
• Chronic Fatigue
• Common Cold
• Do the Chinese get back pain?
• Facial Rejuvenation Acupuncture (Cosmetic Acupuncture)
• Headaches
• Infertility
• Acupuncture
• Insomnia
• Management of HIV
• Pain
• Acupuncture
• Peripheral Neuropathy and Acupuncture
• Philosophical
• Historical Overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Preventative Medicine the Chinese Way
• Stop Smoking with Acupuncture
• Stress Management
• Weight Loss with Acupuncture